Development of the Harm Prevention Partners Clinical Model: An Academic-Practice Partnership for Prevention of Patient Harm Events.

This innovative academic-practice partnership applied user-centered design, resulting in a new clinical model, the "Harm Prevention Partners Program." The model engaged students working as teams with faculty to intervene on nurse-sensitive indicators by documenting care on a novel smartphone tool and generating an intervention dashboard to visualize impact. Faculty utilized the dashboard to guide postclinical debriefing and highlight students' impact on patient outcomes.

The Safety of Inpatient Health Care.

BACKGROUND: Adverse events during hospitalization are a major cause of patient harm, as documented in the 1991 Harvard Medical Practice Study. Patient safety has changed substantially in the decades since that study was conducted, and a more current assessment of harm during hospitalization is warranted. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the frequency, preventability, and severity of patient harm in a random sample of admissions from 11 Massachusetts hospitals during the 2018 calendar year. The occurrence of adverse events was assessed with the use of a trigger method (identification of information in a medical record that was previously shown to be associated with adverse events) and from review of medical records. Trained nurses reviewed records and identified admissions with possible adverse events that were then adjudicated by physicians, who confirmed the presence and characteristics of the adverse events. RESULTS: In a random sample of 2809 admissions, we identified at least one adverse event in 23.6%. Among 978 adverse events, 222 (22.7%) were judged to be preventable and 316 (32.3%) had a severity level of serious (i.e., caused harm that resulted in substantial intervention or prolonged recovery) or higher. A preventable adverse event occurred in 191 (6.8%) of all admissions, and a preventable adverse event with a severity level of serious or higher occurred in 29 (1.0%). There were seven deaths, one of which was deemed to be preventable. Adverse drug events were the most common adverse events (accounting for 39.0% of all events), followed by surgical or other procedural events (30.4%), patient-care events (which were defined as events associated with nursing care, including falls and pressure ulcers) (15.0%), and health care-associated infections (11.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse events were identified in nearly one in four admissions, and approximately one fourth of the events were preventable. These findings underscore the importance of patient safety and the need for continuing improvement. (Funded by the Controlled Risk Insurance Company and the Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions.).

Medical Student Elective to Improve Diagnosis in Health Care: Developing Solutions to Reduce Patient Harm.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: At our institution, a new medical student elective was designed and implemented by the department of radiology to teach medical students about diagnostic error. The purpose of this article is to describe the diagnostic error elective structure and implementation, present objective and subjective evaluations of the elective, and provide a model for other radiology departments to run their own electives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Starting in January 2018, a 2-week in-person career exploration session elective was offered for third year medical students. In 2020 due to the COVID pandemic, the elective was expanded to fourth year medical students. All students were required to complete a project that addressed diagnostic error. Subjective comments were recorded, and objective measurements obtained from student evaluations. RESULTS: A total of 11 sessions were held, consisting of 3 fourth year and 26 third year students. A total of 12 projects (11 groups) were completed, seven of which have been accepted for presentation at national meetings. On a 1 to 5 scale (5 highest), students rated their educational experience at a mean score of 4.61. Subjective comments focused on the benefit of exposure to new topics, mentorship by radiologists, and ability to complete a project in such a short time. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic errors and solutions are vague, new concepts to medical students and even facilitator faculty. This course allowed students to gain awareness of diagnostic error and could easily be replicated at other institutions with interested faculty and medical school support.

Core Competency Self-Assessment Enhances Critical Review of Complications and Entrustable Activities.

BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has defined six core competencies (CCs) that every successful physician should possess. However, the assessment of CC achievement among trainees is difficult. This project was designed to prospectively evaluate the impact of resident identification of CC as a component of morbidity review on error identification and standard of care (SOC) assessments. The platform was assessed for its reliability as a measure of resident critical analysis of complication causality across postgraduate year (PGY). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1945 general surgery cases with complications were assessed for error identification and SOC management between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. CC identification was additionally assessed between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019, and included 708 general surgery cases. Data were evaluated for error assessments and overall SOC management. PGY4 and 5 residents were compared for number of cases and complications reviewed, severity, error causation, and CC relevance. RESULTS: Study groups were equivalent by Clavien-Dindo scores. Error identification significantly increased in all categories: diagnostic (P < 0.001), technical (P < 0.05), judgment (P < 0.001), system (P < 0.001), and communication (P < 0.001). Overall SOC assessments validated by a supervising surgical quality officer were unchanged. An increased exposure to cases with severe complications, error causation, and CC relevance was noted across PGY. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of CC assessment into morbidity review appears to improve the critical thinking of evaluating residents by increasing the identification of management errors. Used as an element of prospective self-assessment, teaching residents to identify CC principles in cases with complications may assist in learner progression toward clinical competence and critical thinking.

Os pais como pilares para a segurança do paciente em unidade neonatal / Parents as pillars for patient safety in a neonatal unit / Padres como pilares para la seguridad del paciente em una unidad neonatal

Objetivo: conhecer a experiência dos pais como estratégia de avaliação da qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Método: pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida na Unidade Neonatal de um Hospital do sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas, utilizando a técnica do incidente crítico (TIC), com 18 pais que estavam com seus filhos internados por 20 dias ou mais e que tinham previsão e plano de alta hospitalar. Após, os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a análise revelou fragilidades no cuidado prestado pela equipe de enfermagem em relação à administração de medicamentos, ao uso de equipamentos, à monitorização e ao posicionamento dos bebês, aos cuidados com a pele e à higiene de mãos. Conclusão: a experiência dos pais revelou elementos que integram a avaliação da assistência em enfermagem, destacando-os como pilares para a segurança do paciente.

Objective: to learn the parents' experience as a strategy for assessing the quality of nursing care. Method: in this qualitative, descriptive study at the Neonatal Unit of a hospital in southern Brazil, data were collected by critical incident (CI) interviews of 18 parents whose children had been hospitalized for 20 days or more, and whose discharge was scheduled and planned for. The data subsequently underwent content analysis. Results: data analysis revealed weaknesses in the care provided by the nursing staff as regards administration of medication, use of equipment, monitoring and positioning of babies, skin care and hand hygiene. Conclusion: The parents' experience revealed elements that enter into evaluation of nursing care, revealing parents to be mainstays of patient safety.

Objetivo: conocer la experiencia de los padres como estrategia para evaluar la calidad de la atención de enfermería. Método: en este estudio cualitativo y descriptivo en la Unidad Neonatal de un hospital en el sur de Brasil, los datos fueron recolectados por entrevistas de incidentes críticos (IC) de 18 padres cuyos hijos habían estado hospitalizados durante 20 días o más, y cuyo alta fue programada y planificada para. Los datos posteriormente se sometieron a análisis de contenido. Resultados: el análisis de datos reveló debilidades en la atención brindada por el personal de enfermería en lo que respecta a la administración de medicamentos, uso de equipos, monitoreo y posicionamiento de bebés, cuidado de la piel e higiene de manos. Conclusión: la experiencia de los padres reveló elementos que entran en la evaluación de la atención de enfermería, revelando que los padres son pilares de la seguridad del paciente.

Control de daños ortopédicos en pacientes politraumatizados pediátricos. Hospital Pediátrico "Eliseo Noel Caamaño" / Control of orthopedic damages in pediatric politraumatized patients. Pediatric Hospital "Eliseo Noel Caamaño"

RESUMEN Introducción: el control de daños en Ortopedia es aplazar la reparación definitiva de lesiones traumáticas, con el objetivo de la recuperación fisiológica deteriorada por lesiones y/o complicaciones que pueden poner en peligro la vida, realizando entonces procedimientos quirúrgicos sencillos, como una estabilización quirúrgica externa de las fracturas. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento del control de daños ortopédicos en politraumatizados pediátricos. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal, de enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por 22 pacientes menores de 19 años de edad, politraumatizados en el período; la muestra por 15 pacientes, a los que se les aplicó control de daños ortopédicos, según criterios de selección. Resultados: se aplicó control de daños ortopédicos a 15 infantes. El más afectado fue el sexo masculino con el 73,3 %. Prevalecieron los traumatismos de los miembros inferiores con el 58,3 % y las fracturas cerradas con un 53,8 %. La osteomielitis crónica fue la complicación que predominó, en el 20 % de la muestra. En el 73,3 % de los casos se evaluó como satisfactoria la aplicación del control de daños ortopédicos en los politraumatizados. Conclusiones: a la totalidad de los traumatizados se le aplicó control de daños ortopédicos. Predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edad de 9 -14 años. Los miembros inferiores aportan la mayor cantidad con el fémur y la tibia. El control de daños ortopédicos se evaluó satisfactoriamente en la mayoría de los pacientes estudiados (AU).

ABSTRAC Introduction: the control of damages in Orthopedics is to postpone the definitive repair of traumatic lesions, with the objective of the physiologic recovery deteriorated by lesions and/or complications that can put in danger the life, carrying out simple surgical procedures, like an external surgical stabilization of the fractures at that time. . Objective: to determine the behavior of the orthopedic damage control in pediatric politraumatized patients. Material and method: a cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out from January 2015 to December 2018. The universe was formed by 22 patients younger than 19 years politraumatized in the period and the sample formed 15 patients; they underwent orthopedic damage control, according to the selection criteria. Results: the orthopedic damage control, was applied to 15 children. Male sex was the most affected one. Trauma in the lower limbs with 58.3 % and closed fractures with 53.8 prevailed. The predominating complication was chronic poliomyelitis in 20 % of the sample. The orthopedic damage control in politraumatized patients was assessed as successful in 73.3 % of the cases. Conclusions: the orthopedic damage control was applied to the total of traumatized patients. The male sex and the 9-14 years-old age group predominated. Lower limbs contributed with the biggest quantity of trauma, in femur and tibia. The orthopedic damage control was assessed as successful in most of studied patients (AU).

Análisis de la cultura de seguridad del paciente en un hospital universitario / Analysis of the patient safety culture in a university hospital

OBJETIVO: 1) Determinar la percepción de seguridad que tienen los/las profesionales sanitarios/as y no sanitarios/as en un hospital universitario; 2) describir el clima de seguridad con sus fortalezas y debilidades; y 3) evaluar las dimensiones valoradas negativamente y establecer áreas de mejoras. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal y descriptivo realizado en el Hospital Universitario San Juan de Alicante en el que se recogen los resultados de la valoración del nivel de cultura de seguridad utilizando como instrumento de medición la encuesta Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture de la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality adaptada al español. RESULTADOS: La tasa de respuesta fue del 35,36%. El colectivo con mayor participación fue el médico (32,3%), y el servicio más implicado, el de urgencias (9%). El 86,4% tuvo contacto con el paciente. El 50% de los/las trabajadores/as calificó el clima de seguridad entre 6 y 8 puntos. El 82,8% no notificó ningún evento adverso en el último año. Los profesionales con mayor cultura de seguridad fueron los farmacéuticos, y los que tuvieron peor cultura, los celadores. No se identificó ninguna fortaleza de manera global. Hubo dos dimensiones que se comportaron como una debilidad: la 9 (dotación de personal) y la 10 (apoyo de la gerencia a la seguridad del paciente). CONCLUSIONES: La percepción sobre seguridad del paciente es buena, aunque mejorable. No se han identificado fortalezas. Las debilidades identificadas son dotación de personal, apoyo de la gerencia a la seguridad del paciente, cambios de turno y transición entre servicios, y percepción de seguridad

OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine the perception of safety of health professionals and non-health professionals in a university hospital; 2) describe the climate of safety with its strengths and weaknesses; 3) evaluate the negatively valued dimensions and establish areas of improvement. METHOD: A cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out at the San Juan University Hospital in Alicante, where the results of the assessment of the safety culture level are collected using Hospital Survey On Patient Safety survey of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality adapted to Spanish language. RESULTS: The response rate was 35.36%. The group with the greatest participation was the physician (32.3%) and the service most involved, urgencies (9%). 86.4% had contact with the patient. 50% of workers rated the safety climate between 6 and 8 points. 82.8% did not report any adverse events in the last year. The professionals with the greatest security culture were the pharmacists and with the worst culture, the guards. No strength was identified globally. There were two dimensions that behaved like a weakness: 9 (staffing) and 10 (management support for patient safety). CONCLUSIONS: The patient's perception of safety is good, although it can be improved. No strengths have been identified. The weaknesses identified are staffing, management support for patient safety, handoffs and transitions, and safety perception

La seguridad de las cosas sencillas / The security of simple things

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Testing a Model of Speaking up in Nursing.

BACKGROUND: Speaking up is using one's voice to alert those in authority of concerns. Failure to speak up leads to moral distress; speaking up leads to moral courage. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the influences of organizational culture, personal culture, and workforce generation on speaking-up behaviors among RNs. METHODS: We distributed a cross-sectional electronic survey to several thousand RNs, resulting in 303 usable surveys. RESULTS: Organizational culture was a strong predictor of speaking-up behaviors; speaking up partially mediated the relationship between organizational culture and moral distress but was not a mediator between organizational culture and moral courage. Workforce generation did not explain speaking up. CONCLUSIONS: The role of organizational culture supports efforts toward healthy work environments. Because not speaking up is related to moral distress, efforts must be escalated to empower nurses to use their voices.

Patient-related factors associated with an increased risk of being a reported case of preventable harm in first-line health care: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety issues in primary health care and in emergency departments have not been as thoroughly explored as patient safety issues in the hospital setting. Knowledge is particularly sparse regarding which patients have a higher risk of harm in these settings. The objective was to evaluate which patient-related factors were associated with risk of harm in patients with reports of safety incidents. METHODS: A case-control study performed in primary health care and emergency departments in Sweden. In total, 4536 patients (cases) and 44,949 controls were included in this study. Cases included patients with reported preventable harm in primary health care and emergency departments from January 1st, 2011 until December 31st, 2016. RESULTS: Psychiatric disease, including all psychiatric diagnoses regardless of severity, nearly doubled the risk of being a reported case of preventable harm (odds ratio, 1.96; p < 0.001). Adjusted for income and education there was still an increased risk (odds ratio, 1.69; p < 0.001). The preventable harm in this group was to 46% diagnostic errors of somatic disease. CONCLUSION: Patients with psychiatric illness are at higher risk of preventable harm in primary care and the emergency department. Therefore, this group needs extra attention to prevent harm.

Gestão de enfermagem: áreas prioritárias na segurança de profissionais e clientes / Nursing management: priority areas regarding safety of professionals and clients

Background: Due to the disturbing data that have been published, health security has gained special notoriety. The involvement of manager nurses is a fundamental condition to ensure high hospital safety standards. These are responsible for promoting a safety culture in teams and for promoting safe environments. Objective: To know what areas manager nurses consider as priority in the safety of clients and nurses in a hospital service. Methodology: A phenomenological qualitative study carried out through a semistructured interview to 14 manager nurses of a hospital in the central region of Portugal, chosen by convenience. Content analysis was carried out using Atlas.ti software and Bardin methodology. Results and Discussion: We identified 11 priority areas in client safety that reflect concern about adverse events with higher incidence rates and their causes described as more significant. The 12 priority areas in occupational safety are in line with the known occupational hazards and the most frequent workplace accidents. There are 5 categories that show a relationship between nurses 'and clients' safety. Conclusion: For those interviewed, customer and professional safety are equally important and interrelated. It is understood that health security is complex and multidimensional and does not only imply client safety, this may be dependent on the safety of the nurse and vice versa. They also demonstrated knowledge of the main safety problems described in the literature

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Analysis of Medication Errors and near Misses Made by Nursing Students.

Despite extensive research and technological advancements, errors related to medication administration continue to rise annually. The body of evidence surrounding medication errors has focused largely on licensed practicing nurses. Nursing students can offer a unique perspective regarding medication administration as their foundation for professional psychomotor skills and cognitive abilities are developed. The purpose of this study was to explore the variables related to medication errors made by pre-licensure nursing students. Data were collected from 2013-2015 in a pre-licensure program. Students completed a post-error survey available in Google Forms. One hundred thirteen responses to the error report were completed. By exploring the factors related to medication errors among nursing students, teaching and learning strategies forming the foundations of medication administration can improve professional nursing practice and improve safety and quality of care.

Prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across medical care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically quantify the prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across a range of medical settings globally. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl and Embase, WHOLIS, Google Scholar, and SIGLE from January 2000 to January 2019. The reference lists of eligible studies and other relevant systematic reviews were also searched. REVIEW METHODS: Observational studies reporting preventable patient harm in medical care. The core outcomes were the prevalence, severity, and types of preventable patient harm reported as percentages and their 95% confidence intervals. Data extraction and critical appraisal were undertaken by two reviewers working independently. Random effects meta-analysis was employed followed by univariable and multivariable meta regression. Heterogeneity was quantified by using the I2 statistic, and publication bias was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 7313 records identified, 70 studies involving 337 025 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence for preventable patient harm was 6% (95% confidence interval 5% to 7%). A pooled proportion of 12% (9% to 15%) of preventable patient harm was severe or led to death. Incidents related to drugs (25%, 95% confidence interval 16% to 34%) and other treatments (24%, 21% to 30%) accounted for the largest proportion of preventable patient harm. Compared with general hospitals (where most evidence originated), preventable patient harm was more prevalent in advanced specialties (intensive care or surgery; regression coefficient b=0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Around one in 20 patients are exposed to preventable harm in medical care. Although a focus on preventable patient harm has been encouraged by the international patient safety policy agenda, there are limited quality improvement practices specifically targeting incidents of preventable patient harm rather than overall patient harm (preventable and non-preventable). Developing and implementing evidence-based mitigation strategies specifically targeting preventable patient harm could lead to major service quality improvements in medical care which could also be more cost effective.

Variation in Physicians' Electronic Health Record Documentation and Potential Patient Harm from That Variation.

BACKGROUND: Physician-to-physician variation in electronic health record (EHR) documentation not driven by patients' clinical status could be harmful. OBJECTIVE: Measure variation in completion of common clinical documentation domains. Identify perceived causes and effects of variation and strategies to mitigate negative effects. DESIGN: Sequential, explanatory, mixed methods using log data from a commercial EHR vendor and semi-structured interviews with outpatient primary care practices. PARTICIPANTS: Quantitative: 170,332 encounters led by 809 physicians in 237 practices. Qualitative: 40 interviewees in 10 practices. MAIN MEASURES: Interquartile range (IQR) of the proportion of encounters in which a physician completed documentation, for each documentation category. Multilevel linear regression measured the proportion of variation at the physician level. KEY RESULTS: Five clinical documentation categories had substantial and statistically significant (p < 0.001) variation at the physician level after accounting for state, organization, and practice levels: (1) discussing results (IQR = 50.8%, proportion of variation explained by physician level = 78.1%); (2) assessment and diagnosis (IQR = 60.4%, physician-level variation = 76.0%); (3) problem list (IQR = 73.1%, physician-level variation = 70.1%); (4) review of systems (IQR = 62.3%, physician-level variation = 67.7%); and (5) social history (IQR = 53.3%, physician-level variation = 62.2%). Drivers of variation from interviews included user preferences and EHR designs with multiple places to record similar information. Variation was perceived to create documentation inefficiencies and risk patient harm due to missed or misinterpreted information. Mitigation strategies included targeted user training during EHR implementation and practice meetings focused on documentation standardization. CONCLUSIONS: Physician-to-physician variation in EHR documentation impedes effective and safe use of EHRs, but there are potential strategies to mitigate negative consequences.

Circulando hacia la seguridad del paciente: realidad y deseo / The road to patient safety: facts and desire

Objetivo: Valorar diferencias entre necesidad e implementación de prácticas seguras recomendadas para la seguridad del paciente y utilidad del uso de señales de tráfico para promover su implementación. Método: El estudio constó de dos fases: 1) revisión de recomendaciones sobre prácticas seguras de diferentes organizaciones y 2) encuesta a una muestra de oportunidad de profesionales del ámbito asistencial, organizativo y académico de la seguridad del paciente de España y Latinoamérica para evaluar necesidad y la implementación percibida de las prácticas seguras y la utilidad de las señales para tal fin. Resultados: Se recibieron 365 cuestionarios. Todas las prácticas seguras identificadas fueron valoradas como necesarias (media y límite inferior del intervalo de confianza por encima de 3 sobre 5 puntos). Sin embargo, la implementación se valoró como insuficiente en seis de ellas: escritura ilegible, conciliación de medicación, estandarización de comunicación, sistemas de alerta rápida, aplicación de procedimientos por profesionales o equipos entrenados, y cumplimiento de voluntades del paciente al final de la vida. Mejorar cumplimiento de la higiene de manos, aplicación de precauciones de barrera, asegurar la identificación correcta de los pacientes y utilizar listados de verificación fueron las cuatro prácticas en las que más del 75% de los encuestados encuentran mayor grado de consenso sobre la utilidad de las señales de tráfico para mejorar su implementación. Conclusiones: Las diferencias entre necesidad percibida e implementación real de las prácticas seguras consideradas indican áreas de mejora. El lenguaje común de las señales de tráfico es un instrumento sencillo para mejorar su cumplimiento

Objective: To evaluate differences between the need and degree of implementation of safe practices recommended for patient safety and to check the usefulness of traffic sign iconicity to promote their implementation. Method: The study was developed in two stages: 1) review of safe practices recommended by different organizations and 2) a survey to assess the perceptions for the need and implementation of them and the usefulness of signs to improve their implementation. The sample consisted of professionals from Spain and Latin America working in healthcare settings and in the academic field related to patient safety. Results: 365 questionnaires were collected. All safe practices included were considered necessary (mean and lower limit of confidence interval over 3 out of 5 points). However, in six of the patient safety practices evaluated the implementation was considered insufficient: illegible handwriting, medication reconciliation, standardization of communication systems, early warning systems, procedures performed or equipment used only by trained people, and compliance with patient preferences at the end of life. Improve compliance of with hand hygiene and barrier precautions to prevent infections, ensure the correct identification of patients and the use of checklists are the four practices in which more than 75% of respondents found a high degree of consensus on the usefulness of traffic sings to broaden their use. Conclusion: The differences between perceived need and actual implementation in some safe practices indicate areas for improvement in patient safety. With this aim, the common language and the iconicity of traffic signs could constitute a simple instrument to improve compliance with safe practices for patient safety